Does reduction of the oncologic safety margin for facial basal cell carcinoma result in higher recurrence rates?

Article information

Arch Craniofac Surg. 2021;22(3):135-140

Publication date (electronic) : 2021 June 25

doi : https://doi.org/10.7181/acfs.2021.00206

Eon Su Kim, Chae Eun Yang, Yoon Kyu Chung

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea

Correspondence: Chae Eun Yang Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Korea E-mail: pscey@yonsei.ac.kr

Received 2021 May 20; Revised 2021 June 4; Accepted 2021 June 10.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of nonmelanoma skin cancer [1-3]. According to an American Cancer Society estimate, 5.4 million patients were diagnosed with non-melanoma cancer in 2012, and 80% of these were BCC [4-6]. Nearly 2.8 million new BCC cases are identified each year in the United States alone. BCC is a slow-growing skin tumor, and fatal metastasis to other organs rarely occurs [7]. However, some BCCs infiltrate tissues in an irregular three-dimensional fashion through finger-like projections [8]. If left untreated, BCC destroys and invades adjacent tissues. Therefore, complete surgical resection is considered the gold standard for treatment [9,10].

For skin cancer surgeries, the most important aspect of complete surgical resection is the determination of the resection margin that allows complete tumor resection while minimizing damage to the normal tissue. There are various opinions on the appropriate safety margins. The previous trend stated that a 4-mm safety margin was the most effective [9,11-14]. Although the difference between 2 mm and 4 mm does not seem large, in small areas such as the medial canthus, eyelid, and ala, even a few millimeters can lead to noticeable structural changes in the facial region. In addition, depending on the BCC subtype, in types other than nodular and superficial BCC, incomplete resections can occur commonly [11].

Approximately 80% of BCCs occur in the head and neck. Particularly, since resections as small as 1 mm on the face can lead to unfavorable structural changes, we reduced the resection margins to 2 mm and 3 mm to study oncological safety after resection [15].

Even small changes in the face cause structural changes, and we studied whether the safety margin of 4mm can be reduced. Therefore, we performed surgery by reducing the resection margin to 2 mm or 3 mm for patients treated with BCC in our institution from January 2010 to December 2018. We conducted a study to confirm the recurrence rate and safety of this method.

METHODS

Measurement

Surgical methods

Photographs were taken before and after the operation. To determine the safety margin, we observed the gross appearance to establish the extent of resection while considering the following specifics. For lesions that were well-defined, pink or flesh-colored papules or nodules, well-defined ulcers, rolled borders, or presence of erythematous macules with crust or scale, we performed excision with a 2-mm margin. Lesions that were white with ill-defined borders, ulcerative, with slightly elevated or depressed areas of induration and telangiectasia, were resected with a 3-mm surgical margin (Fig. 1). All lesions were excised at the subcutaneous level.

Fig. 1.

Margin demarcation according to the gross appearance. Wide excision was performed with a safety margin of 2 mm (A-C) or 3 mm (D-F) depending on the gross appearance of basal cell carcinoma in various areas.

To immediately identify residual cancer cells after tumor resection, a frozen section test was performed at the base of the lesion and clock angles of 3, 6, 9, and 12 o’clock to confirm that there were no residual cancer cells. Surgical blade no. 11 was used to collect 1-mm-sized tissue sections from the aforementioned locations. When residual cancer cells were identified in the frozen section test, additional resection was performed until residual cancer cells were no longer visible. The excised specimen was fixed in formalin and sent to the pathology laboratory, where it was embedded in paraffin, processed, and stained for tissue margin evaluation. Reconstruction techniques such as primary repair, local and V-Y advancement flap, and skin graft were used to cover the skin defects.

Recurrence evaluation

Follow-up was performed at 6-month intervals to rule out recurrence. When there were suspicious lesions or clinical symptoms such as color change, itching, redness, and wounds without a specific etiology, a biopsy was performed to confirm recurrence. Recurrence was diagnosed when BCC was confirmed on pathological examination.

RESULTS

In total, we reviewed the medical records of 184 patients. The average age and follow-up period were 71.2±10.2 years (range, 41–95 years) and 29.3±13.5 months (range, 6–116 months), respectively. We used a surgical margin of 2 mm and 3 mm in 134 and 50 patients, respectively.

Of the 184 patients, 95 had surgeries performed on their noses, and 10 had surgeries performed on the head and neck. Other surgical sites included the forehead, chin, and ear. Also, a V-Y advancement flap, which was used in 71 cases, was the most common method used to cover the defect. Limberg flaps, skin grafts, and primary repairs were also included (Table 1).

Table 1.

Patient epidemiology and management

Reconstruction was performed if no cancer cells were found during a simultaneous frozen section examination. In four cases, cancer cells were identified in the frozen section examination, and additional resection was required. Two cases in both the 2-mm and 3-mm margin groups had positive margins in the frozen section test. In those cases, an additional 1 mm area was resected in the positive direction, and reconstruction was performed after confirming a negative frozen section test. No cancer cells were found in the margins of the permanent specimens of these patients. We confirmed three cases of recurrence (two with 2-mm and one with 3-mm safety margin, respectively) that required additional surgery during the follow-up period. In all three cases, cancer cells were not observed in either the frozen section examination or the permanent specimen at the time of surgery.

No significant interactions were observed between variables that were eligible for the multivariate model. The following variables were not statistically associated with recurrence: sex, operation type, site, and additional frozen section examination (p>0.05).

Patients who experienced recurrence were reviewed at 35, 43, and 44 months. In patients with 2-mm resection, we observed well-defined ulcerative lesions or erythematous macules. On the other hand, in patients with 3-mm resections, white, depressed lesions with ill-defined borders were observed (Table 2). The recurrence rates were 1.5% and 2% in the patients with 2-mm and 3-mm resection margins, respectively (Fig. 2). In the cases of recurrence, wide excision was performed with a resection margin of 3 mm. Cancer cells were not found in the permanent specimen or in the frozen section.

Table 2.

Details of patients with basal cell carcinoma recurrence

Fig. 2.

The recurrence rate of each safety margin. We found recurrence in two cases with 2-mm safety margin and one case with 3-mm safety margin. Recurrence rates of 1.5% and 2% were confirmed for each safety margin.

DISCUSSION

In the surgical treatment of BCC, the range of surgical margin has been well researched since Wolf and Zitelli [11] proposed a 4-mm surgical margin in 1987. However, it is difficult to determine the extent of cancer removal as it mainly appears on the face of elderly patients [15]. The recurrence rate after BCC surgery varies from 3% to 16%, and it is generally accepted that a safety margin of 4 mm or more is appropriate [2,16,17].

We hypothesized that smaller resection margins will not lead to a high recurrence rate and conducted research with new 2- and 3-mm margins in the facial region (Fig. 1). Unlike previous studies, we did not determine the resection margin according to the size, histological type, or location of the lesion, but through clinical appearance [11,18]. In this study, we performed wide excision with a 2-mm or 3-mm surgical margin using the gross appearance presented in the ”Methods” section.

While recurrence was confirmed in three cases, there were no cancer cells on the frozen section examinations or permanent specimens of these patients. We found that our recurrence rates were comparable with those of previous studies [2,16,17]. All lesions were covered with a skin graft or local flap. In previous studies, resection was deemed necessary if the frozen section test was abnormal [19]. However, in this study, when atypical dysplasia other than cancer cells was found on the frozen section test, no additional resection was performed. Ultimately, we learned that there was no evidence for recurrence without further resection. Other variables, such as sex, operation type, site, and additional frozen section examination, did not have a statistically significant relationship with recurrence.

The recurrence rate varies depending on cancer’s histologic type; however, it cannot be confirmed during surgery. As a result, the operator has no choice but to determine the extent of the resection by judging the gross appearance. This study is meaningful in that it is a large cohort study that can confirm that the recurrence rate does not increase when a small area is resected with gross appearance.

In this study, the frozen section examination was not performed continuously as in Mohs surgery, we performed the frozen section test on several parts of the lesion, which was simpler and had a lower recurrence rate than the method used in Mohs surgery. In previous studies, Mohs surgery has had no significant advantage in primary BCC treatment, and it required a significant amount of time and resources from the patient and additional training for the surgeon [17,20].

There were a few limitations to this study. First, since the histological subtype and size were not investigated, we did not conduct studies on the related variables. Second, the study size was limited to 184 cases, making continuous follow-up difficult for patients due to factors such as low compliance and death due to old age. Third, this also made statistical analysis difficult. Therefore, we propose that a study on the recurrence rate through continuous follow-up be conducted. Fourth, this was a retrospective study, and we did not include a control group. Fifth, bias may exist, as this was a single-institution study of cases operated on by a single surgeon. Sixth, since there was no evaluation of the cosmetic results, further research may be needed to investigate patient satisfaction with the aesthetic aspects of the procedure.

In this study, we aimed to study the cancer recurrence rate and safety of BCC excisions with 2- or 3-mm safety margins. We conclude that performing 2- or 3-mm resection in the facial region according to the clinical appearance is comparable with previously proposed methods as the procedures reduced the defect size with no difference in the recurrence rate.

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