INTRODUCTION
Sebaceous carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that usually arises in the sebaceous glands of the eyelids, especially from the meibomian glands of the upper eyelid; the tarsal conjunctiva is the most common site [1,2]. It usually presents as a painless yellow mass with no distinctive clinical features [2,3]. The prognosis of sebaceous carcinoma is one of the worst compared to other malignancies occurring in the eyelid, and it accounts for a considerable proportion of malignant eyelid tumors in Asia [4,5].
Wide surgical resection with a safety margin of 5 to 6 mm is the mainstay of treatment for eyelid sebaceous carcinoma, which often results in large full-thickness defects on the eyelid. A three-lamella approach is needed to cover this defect, and a combination of the mucosal component replacing the conjunctiva and the flap component, which has a sufficient blood supply, is ideal.
We present a case of sebaceous carcinoma of the upper eyelid, for which tumor excision and reconstruction using a chondromucosal composite graft and a Fricke flap were performed.
CASE REPORT
An 88-year-old woman visited our clinic due to a small mass on her right upper eyelid that had developed 6 months prior to her consultation at the department of ophthalmology. The mass was previously proven to be a sebaceous carcinoma by an incisional biopsy done at the department of dermatology. The tumor was located in the lateral region of the right upper eyelid margin, with a size of approximately 5 mm. It was a painless, yellow tumor with no other distinctive characteristics (Fig. 1). No regional lymph node involvement or distant metastasis was observed on ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging.
As the tumor was on the border of the upper eyelid, we planned a full-thickness wide surgical resection with a safety margin of 5 mm. The full-thickness defect after tumor excision was covered by a combination of a nasal septal chondromucosal graft and a temporal forehead flap.
Surgery was performed under general anesthesia (Fig. 2). The excision of the tumor with a 5-mm safety margin resulted in a 2-cm-diameter full-thickness defect. The defect was larger than one-third of the total length of the upper eyelid. The levator aponeurosis was exposed on the upper margin, the tarsal plate on the medial margin, and the lateral orbital rim on the lateral margin.
Since chondromucosal composite grafts should be harvested with cartilage and mucosa attached, local anesthesia (1:100,000 epinephrine mixed with 2% lidocaine solution) was administered only between the nasal mucosa and septal cartilage of the opposite side to prevent inappropriate hydrodissection. A 2× 3 cm graft was then obtained. The septal donor site was covered by a mucosal graft harvested from the buccal mucosa and compressed using a silicone sheet and nasal tampon to prevent septal hematoma. The buccal mucosa donor site was primarily closed.
The harvested graft was trimmed into the shape of the eyelid defect, and the cartilage was sutured with the levator aponeurosis on the upper margin, the orbital rim on the lateral margin, and the tarsal plate on the medial margin.
A Fricke flap, or a forehead transposition flap, was designed just above the eyebrow, including a line of eyebrow that would replace the eyelash excised during wide resection. The width of the flap was set to fit that of the defect, and the length was determined such that the width-to-length ratio did not exceed 1:4 to ensure an appropriate blood supply. The subcutaneous flap was then raised carefully to prevent it from becoming too thick. A tunnel was made between the flap origin and defect, and the flap was de-epithelialized, except for the distal portion, to cover the defect. The flap was then passed through the tunnel, and the distal portion of the flap was inserted on the chondromucosal graft. The flap was sutured along the margin of the eyelid defect. The flap donor site was closed primarily, and tarsorrhaphy was performed.
A light compressive dressing and tarsorrhaphy were maintained for a few days, and the stitches were removed after 8 days. Early complications such as hematoma, graft loss, flap necrosis, and nasal septal perforation were not observed.
One year postoperatively, no local recurrence or metastasis was observed on ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, and the wound healed completely without any late complications. Lagophthalmos, scleral show, and asymmetry on both upper eyelids during the opening or closing of the eyes were not observed. The appearance of the eyelashes was satisfactory. There was no trichiasis or alopecia, and the lining of the new eyelash appeared natural in accordance with the adjacent eyelash. The scars of the eyelid and flap donor site were both acceptable. The overall results were satisfactory, and the patient was pleased (Fig. 3).
DISCUSSION
Eyelid cancers account for 5% to 10% of all cutaneous malignancies [6]. Basal cell carcinoma constitutes the majority of all eyelid malignancies, accounting for 86% to 96% of all cases, squamous cell carcinoma for 3.4% to 12.6%, sebaceous carcinoma for 0.6% to 10.2%, and melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma for < 1% each [7]. However, sebaceous carcinoma is more prevalent in Asia, and some studies have reported that sebaceous carcinoma constitutes the majority (66%–67%) of all eyelid malignancies in Asian populations [5]. Most sebaceous carcinomas occur in patients over 40 years of age, with a median age of 73 years. No difference in prevalence by sex was observed [8].
Wide surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for sebaceous carcinoma. The safety margin is 5–6 mm [4] and if the tumor invades the orbit, orbital exenteration is indicated [8]. Mohs micrographic surgery and cryotherapy are also treatment options for sebaceous carcinoma, but their indications are limited and their safety is unclear. The efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy remains unknown.
The prognosis of sebaceous carcinoma is one of the worst compared to other malignancies occurring in the eyelid [4]. Sebaceous carcinoma can also metastasize to regional lymph nodes and distant organs. Shields et al. [9] reported recurrence in 18% and metastasis in 8% of periocular sebaceous carcinoma cases. The most common sites of distant metastasis are the liver and lung [10], with a 5-year survival rate of 68% for periocular sebaceous carcinoma [11]. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography are recommended for detecting regional and distal metastases.
The eyelids are vital structures that protect and lubricate the globes and cornea through a shutter-like mechanism involving the coordination of several components, such as skin, fat, muscle, gland, tarsal plate, eyelash, and conjunctiva. Losing just one of these components can impair the ability of the eyes to blink. Because the eyelids are very small and thin compared to other organs of the face, even small defects could cause the loss of several structures that are difficult to reconstruct.
Tumor resection often results in a full-thickness defect that involves the anterior and posterior lamellae of the eyelid. If the defect is smaller than one-third of the eyelid length, it is not considered to be a complex problem because primary closure with or without cantholysis is possible [12]. However, larger defects of more than one-third of the eyelid length usually appear when malignant tumors are excised. If the defect size is between one-third and half of the upper eyelid, reconstruction using a Tenzel flap, which has a two-step curvature, is the most common technique [6]. Other techniques include local flaps, such as the Mustarde lid-switch pedicle flap and sliding tarsal flap. Since these methods use adjacent tissues, it is easy to replace the excised tissue and avoid donor site morbidity in other areas
In larger defects, which encompass more than half of the eyelid, as in our present case, a three-lamella approach is needed. At least one of the three lamellae (anterior lamella) should consist of a flap for sufficient blood supply; however, the eyelid thickens if two or more lamellae contain flaps [13]. The middle lamella should contain cartilage for the tarsal plate, and the posterior lamella must have a mucosal component to replace the conjunctiva, respectively. Therefore, one local flap and one free graft, including a mucosal component, would be an ideal combination.
The Mustarde lid-switch flap with cheek rotation flap, Cutler-Beard lower lid bridge flap, and Fricke flap are commonly used local flaps; in our case, we used the Fricke flap. The Fricke flap, first described by Fricke in 1829, is a temporally based monopedicle forehead transposition flap [14,15]. The Fricke flap is commonly used to repair long eyelid defects with a small width and has the advantage of hiding the scar at the upper margin of the eyebrow. We modified the Fricke flap by including a line of the eyebrow in the distal lower margin of the flap to replace the eyelash.
There are several options for graft harvesting, including the mucosal and cartilage components: nasal septal chondromucosal composite graft, ear cartilage, soft palate, and nasal ala. We chose a nasal septal chondromucosal composite graft considering donor site morbidity and recipient suitability because graft harvest on the soft palate results in significant donor site morbidity, the ear cartilage lacks a mucosal component [16], and the nasal alar mucosa is hairy.
The defect caused by harvesting of the mucochondral graft from the nasal septum was repaired with a mucosal graft from the buccal mucosa. Small defects (< 5 mm) in the nasal septum can be healed with conservative treatment or primary closure, but defects larger than 5 mm result in complications, including septal perforation, if proper surgical treatment is not performed. Septal perforation leads to sequelae such as chondritis, crusting, bleeding, whistling, and rhinorrhea.
The methods of repairing the defect of the nasal septum include a mucosa or skin graft, a local mucosal flap such as interposition or advancement flap, and the use of artificial obturators. Mucosal flaps are good for correcting large defects, but flap procedures often require an open rhinoplasty approach to secure the field of view, take a long time, and have high donor site comorbidity.
Mucosal grafting from the buccal mucosa was performed because it is in the same surgical field as the eyelid and can be primarily closed even for larger defects resulting from mucosal graft harvest. A skin graft wound has also been a treatment option; however, a buccal mucosal graft was chosen because the nature of the skin is very different from that of the mucosa and a visible scar occurs on the skin graft donor site.
After the mucosal graft, a silastic sheet and nasal tampon were applied for a week to prevent hematoma collection in the nasal septum. The mucosal graft was well taken and healed completely without complications such as perforation, chondritis, or hematoma collection.
Full-thickness defects in more than half of the eyelids are uncommon; there are not many options for such defects, and they are difficult to reconstruct. A combination of a Fricke flap and nasal septal chondromucosal composite graft was chosen, and we advanced the technique by adding a line of the eyebrow to repair the eyelash, which is the first line of defense to protect the eyes from foreign bodies (e.g., dust and rain) and makes a major contribution to the aesthetic aspect of the eyes.
PDF Links
PubReader
ePub Link
XML Download
Full text via DOI
Full text via PMC
Cited
Print
