Arch Craniofac Surg Search

CLOSE


Arch Craniofac Surg > Volume 25(1); 2024 > Article
Lee, Yi, Bae, Lee, Lee, and Kim: Transdermal scopolamine for the treatment of recurrent parotid sialocele: a case report

Abstract

Recurrent parotid sialocele is rare and challenging to treat. Treatment options are limited for cases of parotid sialocele that recur despite ductal ligation. This case study presents a patient who underwent wide excision of the right buccal mucosa due to squamous cell carcinoma. During the wide excision, a segment of the parotid duct was excised, and ductal ligation was performed to prevent the occurrence of a sialocele, followed by reconstruction using a folded anterolateral thigh free flap. Twenty-two days after surgery, parotid sialocele occurred despite the initial ductal ligation and subsequent ductal ligation was performed; however, the sialocele recurred. As an alternative therapeutic option, a transdermal scopolamine patch was applied for 3 weeks, with one patch used every 3 days. The results were encouraging, with complete resolution of the sialocele. A transdermal scopolamine offers a noninvasive, convenient method of treating parotid sialocele with minimal side effects. The successful outcome of this case suggests that a transdermal scopolamine can be an effective therapeutic option for recurrent parotid sialocele in conjunction with surgical treatment.

INTRODUCTION

Parotid sialocele refers to the accumulation of saliva in tissues around the parotid gland duct or parenchyma caused by insufficient excretion of saliva. Trauma-related duct damage is the most common cause of this condition, and other causes include infection, neoplasm, duct stenosis, and iatrogenic causes following parotid surgery [1,2]. Parotid sialocele is diagnosed based on the patient’s history and clinical evaluation. Imaging helps determine the size of the injury, location, and treatment method. Inappropriate sialocele treatment can result in an external fistula, facial asymmetry, or secondary infection [3,4]. An anastomosis or ductal reconstruction should be performed within 24 hours of parotid duct injury. Delayed treatment remains a matter of debate, and the choice of treatment depends on whether the goal is to preserve or suppress gland function. Conservative protocols for suppressing gland function are widely used, including periodic percutaneous aspiration, pressure dressing, botulinum toxin, and antisialogogue agents [5,6]. In particular, the use of antisialogogue agents can help inhibit salivary secretion and alleviate autolysis of soft tissues, which could lead to delayed wound healing or infection [7]. Furthermore, transdermal scopolamine—an antisialogogue agent—has been widely used in recent years due to its minimal side effects and convenient administration method [8]. We aimed to present the successful treatment of recurrent sialocele with a transdermal scopolamine patch.

CASE REPORT

A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hepatitis presented with a painful mass on his right buccal region. A punch biopsy of the right buccal mucosa, performed by the otorhinolaryngology department, revealed squamous cell carcinoma of the right buccal mucosa. Preoperative positron emission tomography-computed tomography showed no evidence of distant metastasis. Wide excision of the right buccal mucosa was performed, including the overlying skin. This resulted in a skin defect on the right cheek. Next, right supraomohyoid neck dissection was carried out, followed by reconstruction with a folded free anterolateral thigh flap. The proximal and distal portions of the thigh flap were designed according to the defect size, and the intervening area was de-epithelialized after flap elevation. Subsequently, the flap was folded to create the intraoral mucosal lining and cover the facial side of the cheek (Fig. 1). During mass removal, a segment of the parotid duct was excised, and ductal ligation was then performed to prevent sialocele occurrence. The final pathology report confirmed a 1.7 × 0.9 cm squamous cell carcinoma with a maximum invasion depth of 0.6 cm, consistent with the punch biopsy results. No evidence of lymph node metastasis was observed, and the patient was diagnosed with stage T2N0M0 disease.
At 22 days after surgery, clear, saliva-like drainage was observed, and neck computed tomography revealed a 25.73-mm-diameter fluid collection with air density (Fig. 2). Ligation of the right salivary duct (Stenson’s duct) was planned under local anesthesia through the external approach. The ligation was performed at the proximal site first, and to prevent any loosening, the distal end was bent and then subjected to another ligation along with the proximal site (Fig. 3). The swelling subsided after ligation, and the patient was discharged. However, 21 days post-ligation, swelling and clear drainage recurred at the surgical site. Neck computed tomography showed a decrease in the extent of fluid collection. The fluid collection was located at the right anterior aspect of the masseter muscle and was proximal to the ligation. Its long-axis diameter was 6.86 mm (Fig. 4). The patient was prescribed antibiotics for 2 weeks, and a pressure dressing was applied. Nonetheless, leakage persisted, and the patient was treated with antibiotics and a pressure dressing along with the application of a transdermal scopolamine patch (1.5 mg) for 3 weeks, with one patch applied every 3 days [9]. By this time, the swelling had subsided, and it did not recur.

DISCUSSION

Due to the complex anatomy of the face, tumor removal and subsequent reconstruction pose significant challenges. In particular, the parotid gland, which lies superficially just behind the masseter muscle, is often at risk of injury during facial surgery. The parotid duct, which is approximately 7 cm long, originates from the anterior part of the parotid gland, and passes along the anterior surface of the masseter. It runs alongside the transverse facial artery and the buccal branch of the facial nerve and then penetrates the buccinator muscle and oral mucosa [5,10,11].
Parotid gland and duct injuries are typically identified a few days after surgery. Surgical interventions, such as proximal duct ligation, parasympathetic denervation, and internal fistula creation to redirect salivary flow into the oral cavity, can be helpful [12]. In the present case, ductal ligation was performed during mass removal; however, despite ductal ligation, sialocele occurred. Furthermore, the sialocele recurred despite performing a second rigid ligation. Sialocele may recur due to pressure from saliva discharge in the parotid duct, causing leakage. Ultimately, suppressing the parotid gland until proper wound healing is achieved is essential.
Antisialogogues, including scopolamine, are commonly used conservative treatments for suppressing parotid gland function, but systemic antisialogogues can have many potential side effects, such as dry mouth, constipation, photophobia, tachycardia, and urinary retention [13]. Additionally, the use of intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous scopolamine requires three injections per day, which may cause patient discomfort.
Transdermal scopolamine patches, which were first developed for preventing motion sickness, are widely used for various purposes. As a muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine reduces daily salivary output. A transdermal scopolamine patch applied to the hairless skin behind the ear ensures a consistent rate of absorption, maintaining a stable plasma level for at least 72 hours. It has minimal side effects and is a noninvasive method that the patient can easily apply and remove. In this case, one transdermal scopolamine patch, containing 1.5 mg of scopolamine, was applied every 3 days on the postauricular area and achieved the resolution of sialocele.
In conclusion, parotid sialocele is a rare condition that may occur after surgery, particularly if the operation involves structures around the parotid gland. Although surgical intervention remains the first-line treatment, transdermal scopolamine can also be a useful adjunctive treatment for recurrent parotid sialocele. Furthermore, if injury to the parotid gland or duct is anticipated, the prophylactic use of a transdermal scopolamine patch until proper wound healing occurs can be a good therapeutic option to prevent sialocele.

Notes

Conflict of interest

Yong Chan Bae is an editorial board member of the journal but was not involved in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

Funding

This work was supported by a 2-Year Research Grant of Pusan National University.

Ethical approval

This report was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Pusan National University Hospital (IRB No. 2305-003-126).

Patient consent

The patient provided written informed consent for the publication and the use of his images.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Chi Hyun Lee, Joo Hyoung Kim. Data curation: Chi Hyun Lee, Byung-Joo Lee. Formal analysis: Chi Hyun Lee. Funding acquisition: Joo Hyoung Kim. Methodology: Joo Hyoung Kim. Project administration; Visualization; Writing - original draft: Chi Hyun Lee. Writing - review & editing: Chi Hyun Lee, Joo Hyoung Kim. Investigation: Chi Hyun Lee, Joo Hyoung Kim. Resources: Chi Hyun Lee. Supervision: Joo Hyoung Kim, Changryul Claud Yi, Yong Chan Bae, Jae Woo Lee, Byung-Joo Lee. Validation: Changryul Claud Yi, Yong Chan Bae, Jae Woo Lee.

Fig. 1.
A 65-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma on the right buccal mucosa underwent wide excision. (A) Intraoperative photograph showing defects on the skin and oral mucosa in the buccal region after wide excision of the squamous cell carcinoma with a right supraomohyoid neck dissection. (B) Reconstruction of the defect with a folded free anterolateral thigh flap.
acfs-2023-00360f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Computed tomography showing a 25.73-mm-diameter fluid collection with air density.
acfs-2023-00360f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
(A, B) Intraoperative photographs showing ductal ligation through the external approach.
acfs-2023-00360f3.jpg
Fig. 4.
Computed tomography showing fluid collection remaining with a diameter of 6.86 mm despite ductal ligation.
acfs-2023-00360f4.jpg

REFERENCES

1. Parekh D, Glezerson G, Stewart M, Esser J, Lawson HH. Posttraumatic parotid fistulae and 1. Parekh D, Glezerson G, Stewart M, Esser J, Lawson HH. Post-traumatic parotid fistulae and sialoceles: a prospective study of conservative management in 51 cases. Ann Surg 1989;209:105-11.
pmid pmc
2. Nagi R, Kantharaj YB, Nagaraju R, Reddy SJ. Sialocele of parotid duct: report of case with review of literature. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10:ZD04-5.
crossref pmid pmc
3. Barron R, Margulis A, Icekson M, Zeltser R, Eldad A, Nahlieli O. Iatrogenic parotid sialocele following rhytidectomy: diagnosis and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:1782-4.
crossref pmid
4. Lazaridou M, Iliopoulos C, Antoniades K, Tilaveridis I, Dimitrakopoulos I, Lazaridis N. Salivary gland trauma: a review of diagnosis and treatment. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2012;5:189-96.
crossref pmid pmc pdf
5. Park MY, Ahn KY. Scientific review of the aesthetic uses of botulinum toxin type A. Arch Craniofac Surg 2021;22:1-10.
crossref pmid pmc pdf
6. Lewis G, Knottenbelt JD. Parotid duct injury: is immediate surgical repair necessary? Injury 1991;22:407-9.
crossref pmid
7. Weissler JM, Mohamed O, Gryskiewicz JM, Chopra K. An algorithmic approach to managing parotid duct injury following buccal fat pad removal. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum 2022;4:ojac032.
crossref pmid pmc pdf
8. Mantsopoulos K, Goncalves M, Iro H. Transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of a salivary fistula after parotidectomy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018;56:212-5.
crossref pmid
9. Gallo A, Manciocco V, Pagliuca G, Martellucci S, de Vincentiis M. Transdermal scopolamine in the management of postparotidectomy salivary fistula. Ear Nose Throat J 2013;92:516-9.
crossref pmid pdf
10. Armstrong MA, Turturro MA. Salivary gland emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2013;31:481-99.
crossref pmid
11. Silvers AR, Som PM. Salivary glands. Radiol Clin North Am 1998;36:941-66.
crossref pmid
12. Rajeev R, Sajesh S, Jose M, Kumar ND. Sialocele: a rare sequlae of transparotid approach in subcondylar fracture management. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2016;7:201-4.
crossref pmid pmc
13. Lapid O, Kreiger Y, Sagi A. Transdermal scopolamine use for post-rhytidectomy sialocele. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2004;28:24-8.
pmid


ABOUT
ARTICLE CATEGORY

Browse all articles >

BROWSE ARTICLES
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Editorial Office
Dept. of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea
Tel: +82-62-220-6354    Fax: +82-62-220-6357    E-mail: office_acfs@kcpca.or.kr                

Copyright © 2024 by Korean Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

Developed in M2PI

Close layer
prev next